Located in the west of Japan, Kyushu has long been a gateway for exchange with other countries. We will explore the cultural exchanges in Kyushu from ancient to the early modern times including: Ancient Dazaifu was established as Japan’s base for diplomacy and defense in the 7th century. We’ll introduce the defense facilities built there during the tense relations with Silla (Korea) and Tang China. Buddhism was an important tool for national governance, exemplified by the ancient temple in Dazaifu built by imperial request. Later, Zen Buddhism flourished, leaving a legacy of temples still found in Hakata today. The Mongol Empire tried to invade Japan twice in the 13th century. We’ll review these attempts and trace the modern research conducted through underwater archaeology. Kyushu’s relationship with Korea encompasses periods of both friendship and conflict. We will focus on the exchange during peaceful periods. Finally, we’ll provide an overview of trade with Europe in the early modern period, highlighted by the popularity of Old Imari ware.